Image

Cultural method :

• Plant cowpea or soybean as trap crop.
• Crop rotation with non leguminous crop in regions having severe recurring problem.
• Avoid crop rotation of groundnut with soybean and other leguminous crops.
• Use resistant/tolerant varieties.

Mechanical method:

• Collect and destroy egg masses and early instars larvae.
• Install pheromone trap @ 5/ha for mass trapping.
• Spray neem based formulation @ 5%.

Biological method:

• Release Trichogramma Chilonis @ 50000/ha twice (7-10 days interval)
• Conserve the natural enemies namely, spiders, long horned grasshoppers, praying mantis, robber fly, ants, green lace wing, damsel flies/dragon flies, flower bugs, shield bugs, lady bird beetles, ground beetle, predatory cricket, earwig, braconids, trichogrammatids, NPV, green muscular fungus.
• Mulching of rice straw reduces leaf miner incidence and increase in percentage parasitism.
• Intercropping groundnut with Pennisetum glacum (Napier grass) enhanced the parasitism of Goniozus spp. on leaf miner.

Chemical method:

• Apply insecticides if the insect population crosses the economic threshold level (ETL).
• For effective control apply insecticide at 45 and 70 days after planting.
• Carbaryl 50WP 0.2 per cent spray was found to be most economical for controlling this pest; or Spray Quinalphos 25 EC 2ml or Methyldemeton 25 EC 1.6ml or Dimethoate 30 EC 2ml /lit of water.

Image

Cultural method :

• Adopt Timely sowing of the crop.
• Cultivate varieties having dense hairs and with stiff leaves.
Mechanical method
• Handpicking and destruction of various insect stages and the affected plant parts.

Biological method:

• Seed treatment with Trichoderma viride @ 4 gm/kg seed.
• Release of Cheilomenes sexmaculata @ 1250/ha.
• Conserve bio control agents like flower bugs (anthocorids), lady bird beetles (coccinellids), praying mantis, hover flies (syrphids), green lace wing (chrysopids), long horned grass hoppers and spiders.
• Apply NSKE 5% (neem seed kernel extract) to control sucking pests.


Chemical method:

• Apply insecticides if the insect population crosses the economic threshold level (ETL).
• Young crop may be applied with Monochrotophos 36SL 600ml/ha or Dimethate 30 EC @ 650ml/ha in 600 liter water.
• Dusting of Endosulphan 4% dust at 1 kg a.i./ha would be effective in controlling aphids.

Image

Cultural method :

• Adopt timely sowing of the crop.
• Maintain field sanitation.
• Grow tolerant varieties like Girnar 1
• Follow crop rotation with non host crop.
• Intercropping with pearl millet
• Avoid groundnut-castor inter crop, it increases the infestation.
• Irrigate once to avoid prolonged mid season drought to prevent pre-harvest.

Mechanical method:

• Collect and destroy the affected parts of the plant.
Biological method
• Conserve bio agents like praying mantis, long horned grass hoppers, dragon flies spiders, green muscardine fungus.


Chemical method:

• Apply insecticides if the insect population crosses the economic threshold level (ETL).
• Spray dimethoate 30EC @ 650ml/ha or Monochrotophos 36SL @ 600ml/ha in 600liter water.

Image

Cultural method :

• Grow tolerant varieties like ALR 3, Robut 33-1, Kadiri 3 and ICGS 86031
• Uproot and destroy severely infected plants.
Biological method
• Conserve natural enemies namely, flower bugs (anthocorids), lady bird beetles (coccinellids), praying mantis, green lace wing (chrysopids), long horned grass hoppers, dragon flies and spiders.


Chemical method:

• Apply safe chemical insecticides at recommended doses only if the insect population crosses the ETL.
• Spray Monochrotophos 36SL 600 ml/ha or Dimethoate 30 EC 650ml/ha or Methyldemeton 25 EC 600 ml in 600 lit of water.
• Spray per acre monocrotophos 320ml mixed with neem oil 1lit and 1kg soap powder mixed in 200lit of water twice at 10days interval.

Image

• The larva bores into the terminal buds and shoots and tip of the stem.

•The tender leaflets emerging from central spindle will show shot-hole symptoms initially.

•In severe infestation emerging leaflets will have only the midribs or several oblong feeding holes.

• Neem oil 3 per cent and leaf extract of Vitex negumdo (nochi) 5 per cent were also effective against this pest.
• The hymenopteran parasitoids, Bracon gelechiiae and Brachymeria sp cause parasitism up to 24 per cent on larvae.
• Spraying of monocrotophos 36SL 0.5 per cent (1.5 ml/lit) was found to be more effective in controlling the bud borer.

Image

•Pre -emergence rotting and killing of seeds.

• Post-emergence infection causes death and rapid decay of seedlings.

• Young plants collapse and die soon after emergence due to rotting of elongating hypocotyl.

• Collar region become dark brown & shredded.

• In mature plants large lesions develop on stem just below the soil surface & then spread upward along the branches causing wilting & death.

• The fungus sporulates on the surface of mature pods resulting of black sooty spores.

•Follow Crop rotation.

• Remove and destroy previous season's infested crop debris in the field.

• Seed treatment with Trichoderma viride/T.harizanum @ 4 g/kg seed and soil application of Trichoderma viride/T.harizanum @25-62.5kg/ha, preferably in conjunction with organic amendments such as castor cake or neem cake or mustard cake @ 500 kg/ ha.

• Seed treatment with 3 g thiram/ kg seed is recommended.

Image

• Reddish-brown water-soaked lesion appears on stem just above the soil level.

• The lesion spreads upwards on the stem and down into the roots and causes death of the plants.

• The dead tissue is covered with abundant sclerotia.

• Deep ploughing should be followed to bury the crop residues.

• Seed treatment with Thiram @ 5 g per kg of seed.

• Soil application of Brassicol before sowing at the rate of 10-15 kg per hectare.

Image

• The affected plant parts show the development of the white thread-like fungal growth near the soil surface or just below the ground level.

• The affected plant parts later turn brown and small round bodies of about the size of a mustard seed are produced on the surface of affected tissue.

• The leaves turn yellow and then brown and later desiccate.

• Collect and burn the affected plant debris.

• Seed treatment with 3% Brassicol.

• Soil application of Brassicol before sowing at the rate of 10-15 kg per hectare.

Image

• Infection starts about 1 month after sowing.

• Small chlorotic spots appear on leaflets, with time they enlarge and turn brown to black and become sub circular shape on upper leaf surface.

• On lower surface of leaves light brown colouration is seen.

• Lesions also appear on petioles, stems, stipules.

• In severe cases several lesions coalesce and result in premature senescence of affected plant.

• Severe disease attack leads to shedding of leaflets resulting in premature ageing of the crop.

Cultural method :

• Grow tolerant varieties wherever early leaf spot incidence is severe.
• Intercropping pearl millet or sorghum with groundnut (1 : 3).
• Crop rotation with non-host crops preferably cereals.
• Deep burying of crop residues in the soil, and removal of volunteer groundnut plants to reduce the primary source of infection.

Botanicals:
• Foliar application of aqueous neem leaf extract (2-5%) or 5% neem seed kernel extract at 2 weeks interval 3 times starting from 4 weeks after planting is good.

Chemical method :
• Spray carbendazim 0.1% or mancozeb 0.2% or chlorothalonil 0.2%.

Image

Cultural method :

• Plant cowpea or soybean as trap crop.
• Crop rotation with non leguminous crop in regions having severe recurring problem.
• Avoid crop rotation of groundnut with soybean and other leguminous crops.
• Use resistant/tolerant varieties.

Mechanical method:

• Collect and destroy egg masses and early instars larvae.
• Install pheromone trap @ 5/ha for mass trapping.
• Spray neem based formulation @ 5%.

Biological method:

• Release Trichogramma Chilonis @ 50000/ha twice (7-10 days interval)
• Conserve the natural enemies namely, spiders, long horned grasshoppers, praying mantis, robber fly, ants, green lace wing, damsel flies/dragon flies, flower bugs, shield bugs, lady bird beetles, ground beetle, predatory cricket, earwig, braconids, trichogrammatids, NPV, green muscular fungus.
• Mulching of rice straw reduces leaf miner incidence and increase in percentage parasitism.
• Intercropping groundnut with Pennisetum glacum (Napier grass) enhanced the parasitism of Goniozus spp. on leaf miner.

Chemical method:

• Apply insecticides if the insect population crosses the economic threshold level (ETL).
• For effective control apply insecticide at 45 and 70 days after planting.
• Carbaryl 50WP 0.2 per cent spray was found to be most economical for controlling this pest; or Spray Quinalphos 25 EC 2ml or Methyldemeton 25 EC 1.6ml or Dimethoate 30 EC 2ml /lit of water.

Image

Cultural method :

• Adopt Timely sowing of the crop.
• Cultivate varieties having dense hairs and with stiff leaves.
Mechanical method
• Handpicking and destruction of various insect stages and the affected plant parts.

Biological method:

• Seed treatment with Trichoderma viride @ 4 gm/kg seed.
• Release of Cheilomenes sexmaculata @ 1250/ha.
• Conserve bio control agents like flower bugs (anthocorids), lady bird beetles (coccinellids), praying mantis, hover flies (syrphids), green lace wing (chrysopids), long horned grass hoppers and spiders.
• Apply NSKE 5% (neem seed kernel extract) to control sucking pests.


Chemical method:

• Apply insecticides if the insect population crosses the economic threshold level (ETL).
• Young crop may be applied with Monochrotophos 36SL 600ml/ha or Dimethate 30 EC @ 650ml/ha in 600 liter water.
• Dusting of Endosulphan 4% dust at 1 kg a.i./ha would be effective in controlling aphids.

Image

Cultural method :

• Adopt timely sowing of the crop.
• Maintain field sanitation.
• Grow tolerant varieties like Girnar 1
• Follow crop rotation with non host crop.
• Intercropping with pearl millet
• Avoid groundnut-castor inter crop, it increases the infestation.
• Irrigate once to avoid prolonged mid season drought to prevent pre-harvest.

Mechanical method:

• Collect and destroy the affected parts of the plant.
Biological method
• Conserve bio agents like praying mantis, long horned grass hoppers, dragon flies spiders, green muscardine fungus.


Chemical method:

• Apply insecticides if the insect population crosses the economic threshold level (ETL).
• Spray dimethoate 30EC @ 650ml/ha or Monochrotophos 36SL @ 600ml/ha in 600liter water.

Image

Cultural method :

• Grow tolerant varieties like ALR 3, Robut 33-1, Kadiri 3 and ICGS 86031
• Uproot and destroy severely infected plants.
Biological method
• Conserve natural enemies namely, flower bugs (anthocorids), lady bird beetles (coccinellids), praying mantis, green lace wing (chrysopids), long horned grass hoppers, dragon flies and spiders.


Chemical method:

• Apply safe chemical insecticides at recommended doses only if the insect population crosses the ETL.
• Spray Monochrotophos 36SL 600 ml/ha or Dimethoate 30 EC 650ml/ha or Methyldemeton 25 EC 600 ml in 600 lit of water.
• Spray per acre monocrotophos 320ml mixed with neem oil 1lit and 1kg soap powder mixed in 200lit of water twice at 10days interval.

Image

• The larva bores into the terminal buds and shoots and tip of the stem.

•The tender leaflets emerging from central spindle will show shot-hole symptoms initially.

•In severe infestation emerging leaflets will have only the midribs or several oblong feeding holes.

• Neem oil 3 per cent and leaf extract of Vitex negumdo (nochi) 5 per cent were also effective against this pest.
• The hymenopteran parasitoids, Bracon gelechiiae and Brachymeria sp cause parasitism up to 24 per cent on larvae.
• Spraying of monocrotophos 36SL 0.5 per cent (1.5 ml/lit) was found to be more effective in controlling the bud borer.

Image

Cultural method :

• Pre-monsoon deep ploughing (two/three times) exposes the hibernating pupae to sunlight and predatory birds.
• Removal and destruction of alternate wild hosts which harbours the hairy caterpillars.
• Grow trap crops like cowpea, castor and jatropha on field bunds to attract the caterpillars.
• Irrigate once to avoid prolonged mid season drought to prevent pre-harvest infestation.

Mechanical method:

• Setting up bonfires on field bunds during night.
• Mass collection and destruction of eggs and just emerged caterpillars.
• Place the twigs and leaves of calotropis, jatropha and papaya around the field to trap grown up caterpillars and destroy them.


Biological method:

• Conserve the natural enemies namely, spiders, long horned grasshoppers, praying mantid, robar fly, ants, green lace wing, damsel flies/dragon flies, flower bugs, shield bugs, lady bird beetles, ground beetle, predatory cricket, earwig, braconids, trichogrammatids, NPV, green muscular fungus.
• Use of NPV (nuclear polyhedrosis virus) on cloudy days at 500 LE/ha.
• Spray Bacillus thuringiensis at 1 kg/ha where mulberry is not grown.
• Conserve the Barconids parasites.

Chemical method :
• Apply insecticides if the insect population crosses the economic threshold level (ETL).
• Dust Lindan 1.3% or Fanvalerate 0.4% 15.20 kg/ha, the early stage is easy to control.
• Form a deep furrow trench around the field and dust with two per cent methyl parathion to prevent the mass migration of hairy caterpillars.
• Spraying of quinalphos 25 EC (2 ml/lit), or chlorpyriphos 20 EC (2.5 ml/lit) or endosulfan 35 EC (2.0 ml/lit) recommended when the caterpillars are younger.

Image

• Freshly hatched larvae feed gregariously by scraping the chlorophyll content of leaves and disperse soon.

• Larvae in later stages feed voraciously on the foliage at night, hides in the soil around base of the plants during day time.

• Sometimes the feeding is so heavy that only petioles and branches are left behind.

• In light soil area, caterpillar bores into the pods.

Cultural method :

• Deep summer ploughing.
• Early sowing to escape insect pest damage.
• Irrigate once to avoid prolonged mid season drought
• Planting castor or sunflower plants as trap crop for egg laying and destroying eggs or 1st stage larvae help in reducing the incidence.
• The sunflower act as bird perches as well.

Mechanical method:

• Install light trap.
• Two hand or mechanical weeding at 15-20 days after sowing.
• Use pheromone traps (5/ha) to monitor moth population.
• Install 10-12 bird perches per ha.
• Collection of egg masses/early instars larvae from trap crops.


Biological method:

• Conserve the natural bio control population of spiders, long horned grasshoppers, praying mantis, robar fly, ants, greenlace wing, damsel flies/dragon flies, flower bugs, shield bugs, lady bird beetles, ground beetle, predatory cricket, earwig, braconids, trichogrammatids, NPV, green muscular fungus.
• Release of Telenomus remus @ 50000/ha. 4 times (7-10 days interval) based on pheromone trap catching.
• Use SNPV @ 250 LE (6X 10^9/LE)/ha or B.t. @1 k.g/ha, when large number of egg masses and early instars larvae are noticed.
• Release Trichogramma chilonis @ 50000/ha. 2 times (7-10 days interval) based on on pheromone trap observation.
• Release of Bracon hebetor @ 5000/ha. two times at 7-10 days interval .
• Spray insect pathogenic fungus Nomuraea rileyi @10^13 spores/ha for controlling early instars.
• Release larval parasitoid apanteles africanus @ 5000/ha.
• Use 5% neem seed kernel extract on need basis.

Chemical method:

• Apply insecticides if the insect population crosses the economic threshold level (ETL).
• Apply Methyl parathion 2% dust @ 20 kg/ha or spraying of monochrotophos 36 SL or Quinolphos 25 EC @ 1500 ml or Endosulfan 35 EC @1250 ml or Trizophos 40EC @ 800 ml in 700-800 lit of water.
• Poison bait with monocrotophos 36 SL or carbaryl, rice bran, jaggery and water can be used to control the grown up larvae.

Image

Cultural method :

• Deep summer ploughing
• After kharif crop, the field should be ploughed to expose the pupae to predatory birds.
• Early sowing is done to escape insect pest damage.
• Plant Inter crop, one row of castor for every 5 or 6 rows of groundnut.
• Follow crop rotation with sorghum/pearl millet or maize.
• Vegetative traps utilising Jatropa (wild castor) or Ipomoea prevent the migration of the grown up larvae across fields.
• Irrigate once to avoid prolonged mid season drought to prevent pre-harvest infestation.

Mechanical method:

• Install of 12 light traps/ha or bonfire in endemic areas.
• Erection of light traps soon after monsoon for 20-45 days and collecting and killing of adult moths are found very effective.
• Collection and destruction of egg masses in the fields around light trap areas.
• Install 10-12 bird perches/ha.
• Two hand or mechanical weeding at 15-20 days after sowing.

Biological method:

• Spray A-NPV (2X 10 5 PIB/I) and Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt).
• Release of Bracon hebetor @ 5000/ha, two times at 7-10 days interval.
• Conserve dominant predators like Coccinella sp. and Minochilus sexmaculata and parasitoids like Chelonus spp.
• Conserve natural enemies namely, spiders, long horned grasshoppers, praying mantis, robar fly, ants, green lace wing, damsel flies/dragon flies, flower bugs, shield bugs, lady bird beetles, ground beetle, predatory cricket, earwig, braconids, trichogrammatids, NPV, green muscular fungus. (2X 105 PIB/I)
• Use 5% neem seed kernel extract on need basis.
• Inter cropping with pigeon pea, mung bean and soybean increases spiders population.
• Population of coccinellids is higher on groundnut with maize, mung bean and soybean and Chrysoperla spp. is higher with maize and soybean intercrops.

Chemical method:

• Apply insecticides if the insect population crosses the economic threshold level (ETL).
• Dusting of Methyl parathion 2% @ 25 to 30 kg/ha or Fanvalerate 0.4% @15-20 Kg/ha.
• Spray Endosulfan 35 EC or Quinalphos 25 EC @ 1250 ml/ha or 500 ml of Nuvan (76%) 4 ml/ha to control full grown insect pests.

Image

• Larvae feed on the foliage, prefers flowers and buds.
When tender leaf buds are eaten symmetrical holes or cuttings can be seen upon unfolding of leaflets.

Cultural method:

• Deep summer ploughing.
• Adopt Early sowing to escape insect pest damage.
• Irrigate once to avoid prolonged mid season drought
• Planting castor or sunflower plants as trap crop for egg laying and destroy eggs or 1st stage larvae help in reducing the incidence.
• The sunflower act as bird perches as well.

Mechanical method
• Install light trap.
• Take two hand or mechanical weeding at 15-20 days after sowing.
• Use pheromone traps (5/ha) to monitor moth population.
• Install 10-12 bird perches per ha.
• Collect egg masses/early instars larvae from trap crops and kill them.

Biological method
• Conserve the natural enemies namely, spiders, long horned grasshoppers, praying mantis, robar fly, ants, green lace wing, damsel flies/dragon flies, flower bugs, shield bugs, lady bird beetles, ground beetle, predatory cricket, earwig, braconids, trichogrammatids, NPV, green muscular fungus.
• Release of Telenomus remus @ 50000/ha, 4 times (7-10 days interval) based on pheromone trap catching.
• Use SNPV @ 250 LE (6X 109/LE)/ha or B.t. @1 k.g/ha, when large number of egg masses and early instars larvae are noticed.
• Release Trichogramma chilonis @ 50000/ha. 2 times (7-10 days interval) based on on pheromone trap observation.
• Release of Bracon hebetor @ 5000/ha, two times at 7-10 days interval .
• Spray insect pathogenic fungus Nomuraea rileyi @10^13 spores/ha for controlling early instars.
• Release larval parasitoid apanteles africanus @ 5000/ha.
• Use 5% neem seed kernel extract on need basis.

Chemical method
• Apply insecticides only if the insect population crosses the ETL.
• Apply Methyl parathion 2% dust @ 20 kg/ha or spraying of monochrotophos 36 SL or Quinolphos 25 EC @ 1500 ml or Endosulfan 35 EC @1250 ml or Trizophos 40EC @ 800 ml in 700-800 lit of water.
• Poison bait with monocrotophos 36 SL or carbaryl, rice bran, jaggery and water can be used to control the grown up larvae.

Image

• Orange coloured pustules (uredinia) appears on the lower surface of leaves and rupture to expose masses of reddish brown urediniospores.

• Pustules appear first on the lower surface and in highly susceptible cultivars the original pustules may be surrounded by colonies of secondary pustules.

• Pustules may also appear on the upper surface of the leaflet.

• The pustules are usually circular and range from 0.5 to 1.4 mm in diameter.

• They may be formed on all aerial plant parts apart from flower and pegs.

• Severely infected leaves turn necrotic and desiccate but are attached to the plant.

Cultural method :

• Follow crop rotation and field sanitation.
• Enforcement of strict plant quarantine regulations to avoid the spread of rust on pods or seeds to disease free areas.
• Early sowing in the first fortnight of June avoids this disease incidence.
• Intercropping pearl millet or sorghum with groundnut (1 :3) to reduce the intensity of rust.
• Cultivate resistant/tolerant varieties.
• Destroy volunteer (self sown) groundnut plants and crop debris to reduce / limit primary source of inoculum.

Botanicals:
• Foliar application of aqueous neem leaf extract @ 2-5%.

Chemical method :

• Spray chlorothaalonil 0.2%; or mancozeb 0.25% or Hexaconazole/propaconazole to reduce disease incidence.

Image

• Infection starts around 55-57 days after sowing in Kharif and 42-46 days after sowing in Rabi.

• Black & nearly circular spots appear on the lower surface of the leaflets.

• Lesions are rough in appearance.

• In severe infestation lesions coalesce resulting into premature senescence and shedding of the leaflets.

Cultural method :

• Use of resistant/tolerant varieties wherever late leaf spot is severe.
• Intercropping pearl millet or sorghum with groundnut (1 : 3) to reduce intensity of late leaf spot.
• Crop rotation with non-host crops preferably cereals.
• Deep burying of crop residues in the soil, removal of volunteer groundnut plants to reduce the primary source of infection.

Botanicals :

• Foliar application of aqueous neem leaf extract (2-5%) or 5% neem seed kernel extract at 2 weeks interval 3 times starting from 4 weeks after planting.

Chemical method :

• Spray carbendazim 0.1% or mancozeb 0.2% or chlorothalonil 0.2%.

Image

• Plants are stunted and present bushy appearance.

• Reduction in size of the leaflets and mottling.

• Rogue out infected plants as soon as they appear in the field.

• To check the spread of disease, aphids should be killed by spraying Oxydemeton methyl (Metasystox) 25 EC @ 1 litre dissolved in 1000 litres of water per hectare.

Image

• Reddish-brown water-soaked lesion appears on stem just above the soil level.

• The lesion spreads upwards on the stem and down into the roots and causes death of the plants.

• The dead tissue is covered with abundant sclerotia.

• Deep ploughing should be followed to bury the crop residues.

• Seed treatment with Thiram @ 5 g per kg of seed.

• Soil application of Brassicol before sowing at the rate of 10-15 kg per hectare.

Image

• The affected plant parts show the development of the white thread-like fungal growth near the soil surface or just below the ground level.

• The affected plant parts later turn brown and small round bodies of about the size of a mustard seed are produced on the surface of affected tissue.

• The leaves turn yellow and then brown and later desiccate.

• Collect and burn the affected plant debris.

• Seed treatment with 3% Brassicol.

• Soil application of Brassicol before sowing at the rate of 10-15 kg per hectare.

Image

Cultural method :

• Pre-monsoon deep ploughing (two/three times) exposes the hibernating pupae to sunlight and predatory birds.
• Removal and destruction of alternate wild hosts which harbours the hairy caterpillars.
• Grow trap crops like cowpea, castor and jatropha on field bunds to attract the caterpillars.
• Irrigate once to avoid prolonged mid season drought to prevent pre-harvest infestation.

Mechanical method:

• Setting up bonfires on field bunds during night.
• Mass collection and destruction of eggs and just emerged caterpillars.
• Place the twigs and leaves of calotropis, jatropha and papaya around the field to trap grown up caterpillars and destroy them.


Biological method:

• Conserve the natural enemies namely, spiders, long horned grasshoppers, praying mantid, robar fly, ants, green lace wing, damsel flies/dragon flies, flower bugs, shield bugs, lady bird beetles, ground beetle, predatory cricket, earwig, braconids, trichogrammatids, NPV, green muscular fungus.
• Use of NPV (nuclear polyhedrosis virus) on cloudy days at 500 LE/ha.
• Spray Bacillus thuringiensis at 1 kg/ha where mulberry is not grown.
• Conserve the Barconids parasites.

Chemical method :
• Apply insecticides if the insect population crosses the economic threshold level (ETL).
• Dust Lindan 1.3% or Fanvalerate 0.4% 15.20 kg/ha, the early stage is easy to control.
• Form a deep furrow trench around the field and dust with two per cent methyl parathion to prevent the mass migration of hairy caterpillars.
• Spraying of quinalphos 25 EC (2 ml/lit), or chlorpyriphos 20 EC (2.5 ml/lit) or endosulfan 35 EC (2.0 ml/lit) recommended when the caterpillars are younger.

Image

• Freshly hatched larvae feed gregariously by scraping the chlorophyll content of leaves and disperse soon.

• Larvae in later stages feed voraciously on the foliage at night, hides in the soil around base of the plants during day time.

• Sometimes the feeding is so heavy that only petioles and branches are left behind.

• In light soil area, caterpillar bores into the pods.

Cultural method :

• Deep summer ploughing.
• Early sowing to escape insect pest damage.
• Irrigate once to avoid prolonged mid season drought
• Planting castor or sunflower plants as trap crop for egg laying and destroying eggs or 1st stage larvae help in reducing the incidence.
• The sunflower act as bird perches as well.

Mechanical method:

• Install light trap.
• Two hand or mechanical weeding at 15-20 days after sowing.
• Use pheromone traps (5/ha) to monitor moth population.
• Install 10-12 bird perches per ha.
• Collection of egg masses/early instars larvae from trap crops.


Biological method:

• Conserve the natural bio control population of spiders, long horned grasshoppers, praying mantis, robar fly, ants, greenlace wing, damsel flies/dragon flies, flower bugs, shield bugs, lady bird beetles, ground beetle, predatory cricket, earwig, braconids, trichogrammatids, NPV, green muscular fungus.
• Release of Telenomus remus @ 50000/ha. 4 times (7-10 days interval) based on pheromone trap catching.
• Use SNPV @ 250 LE (6X 10^9/LE)/ha or B.t. @1 k.g/ha, when large number of egg masses and early instars larvae are noticed.
• Release Trichogramma chilonis @ 50000/ha. 2 times (7-10 days interval) based on on pheromone trap observation.
• Release of Bracon hebetor @ 5000/ha. two times at 7-10 days interval .
• Spray insect pathogenic fungus Nomuraea rileyi @10^13 spores/ha for controlling early instars.
• Release larval parasitoid apanteles africanus @ 5000/ha.
• Use 5% neem seed kernel extract on need basis.

Chemical method:

• Apply insecticides if the insect population crosses the economic threshold level (ETL).
• Apply Methyl parathion 2% dust @ 20 kg/ha or spraying of monochrotophos 36 SL or Quinolphos 25 EC @ 1500 ml or Endosulfan 35 EC @1250 ml or Trizophos 40EC @ 800 ml in 700-800 lit of water.
• Poison bait with monocrotophos 36 SL or carbaryl, rice bran, jaggery and water can be used to control the grown up larvae.

Image

Cultural method :

• Deep summer ploughing
• After kharif crop, the field should be ploughed to expose the pupae to predatory birds.
• Early sowing is done to escape insect pest damage.
• Plant Inter crop, one row of castor for every 5 or 6 rows of groundnut.
• Follow crop rotation with sorghum/pearl millet or maize.
• Vegetative traps utilising Jatropa (wild castor) or Ipomoea prevent the migration of the grown up larvae across fields.
• Irrigate once to avoid prolonged mid season drought to prevent pre-harvest infestation.

Mechanical method:

• Install of 12 light traps/ha or bonfire in endemic areas.
• Erection of light traps soon after monsoon for 20-45 days and collecting and killing of adult moths are found very effective.
• Collection and destruction of egg masses in the fields around light trap areas.
• Install 10-12 bird perches/ha.
• Two hand or mechanical weeding at 15-20 days after sowing.

Biological method:

• Spray A-NPV (2X 10 5 PIB/I) and Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt).
• Release of Bracon hebetor @ 5000/ha, two times at 7-10 days interval.
• Conserve dominant predators like Coccinella sp. and Minochilus sexmaculata and parasitoids like Chelonus spp.
• Conserve natural enemies namely, spiders, long horned grasshoppers, praying mantis, robar fly, ants, green lace wing, damsel flies/dragon flies, flower bugs, shield bugs, lady bird beetles, ground beetle, predatory cricket, earwig, braconids, trichogrammatids, NPV, green muscular fungus. (2X 105 PIB/I)
• Use 5% neem seed kernel extract on need basis.
• Inter cropping with pigeon pea, mung bean and soybean increases spiders population.
• Population of coccinellids is higher on groundnut with maize, mung bean and soybean and Chrysoperla spp. is higher with maize and soybean intercrops.

Chemical method:

• Apply insecticides if the insect population crosses the economic threshold level (ETL).
• Dusting of Methyl parathion 2% @ 25 to 30 kg/ha or Fanvalerate 0.4% @15-20 Kg/ha.
• Spray Endosulfan 35 EC or Quinalphos 25 EC @ 1250 ml/ha or 500 ml of Nuvan (76%) 4 ml/ha to control full grown insect pests.

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• Larvae feed on the foliage, prefers flowers and buds.
When tender leaf buds are eaten symmetrical holes or cuttings can be seen upon unfolding of leaflets.

Cultural method:

• Deep summer ploughing.
• Adopt Early sowing to escape insect pest damage.
• Irrigate once to avoid prolonged mid season drought
• Planting castor or sunflower plants as trap crop for egg laying and destroy eggs or 1st stage larvae help in reducing the incidence.
• The sunflower act as bird perches as well.

Mechanical method
• Install light trap.
• Take two hand or mechanical weeding at 15-20 days after sowing.
• Use pheromone traps (5/ha) to monitor moth population.
• Install 10-12 bird perches per ha.
• Collect egg masses/early instars larvae from trap crops and kill them.

Biological method
• Conserve the natural enemies namely, spiders, long horned grasshoppers, praying mantis, robar fly, ants, green lace wing, damsel flies/dragon flies, flower bugs, shield bugs, lady bird beetles, ground beetle, predatory cricket, earwig, braconids, trichogrammatids, NPV, green muscular fungus.
• Release of Telenomus remus @ 50000/ha, 4 times (7-10 days interval) based on pheromone trap catching.
• Use SNPV @ 250 LE (6X 109/LE)/ha or B.t. @1 k.g/ha, when large number of egg masses and early instars larvae are noticed.
• Release Trichogramma chilonis @ 50000/ha. 2 times (7-10 days interval) based on on pheromone trap observation.
• Release of Bracon hebetor @ 5000/ha, two times at 7-10 days interval .
• Spray insect pathogenic fungus Nomuraea rileyi @10^13 spores/ha for controlling early instars.
• Release larval parasitoid apanteles africanus @ 5000/ha.
• Use 5% neem seed kernel extract on need basis.

Chemical method
• Apply insecticides only if the insect population crosses the ETL.
• Apply Methyl parathion 2% dust @ 20 kg/ha or spraying of monochrotophos 36 SL or Quinolphos 25 EC @ 1500 ml or Endosulfan 35 EC @1250 ml or Trizophos 40EC @ 800 ml in 700-800 lit of water.
• Poison bait with monocrotophos 36 SL or carbaryl, rice bran, jaggery and water can be used to control the grown up larvae.

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• Orange coloured pustules (uredinia) appears on the lower surface of leaves and rupture to expose masses of reddish brown urediniospores.

• Pustules appear first on the lower surface and in highly susceptible cultivars the original pustules may be surrounded by colonies of secondary pustules.

• Pustules may also appear on the upper surface of the leaflet.

• The pustules are usually circular and range from 0.5 to 1.4 mm in diameter.

• They may be formed on all aerial plant parts apart from flower and pegs.

• Severely infected leaves turn necrotic and desiccate but are attached to the plant.

Cultural method :

• Follow crop rotation and field sanitation.
• Enforcement of strict plant quarantine regulations to avoid the spread of rust on pods or seeds to disease free areas.
• Early sowing in the first fortnight of June avoids this disease incidence.
• Intercropping pearl millet or sorghum with groundnut (1 :3) to reduce the intensity of rust.
• Cultivate resistant/tolerant varieties.
• Destroy volunteer (self sown) groundnut plants and crop debris to reduce / limit primary source of inoculum.

Botanicals:
• Foliar application of aqueous neem leaf extract @ 2-5%.

Chemical method :

• Spray chlorothaalonil 0.2%; or mancozeb 0.25% or Hexaconazole/propaconazole to reduce disease incidence.

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• Infection starts around 55-57 days after sowing in Kharif and 42-46 days after sowing in Rabi.

• Black & nearly circular spots appear on the lower surface of the leaflets.

• Lesions are rough in appearance.

• In severe infestation lesions coalesce resulting into premature senescence and shedding of the leaflets.

Cultural method :

• Use of resistant/tolerant varieties wherever late leaf spot is severe.
• Intercropping pearl millet or sorghum with groundnut (1 : 3) to reduce intensity of late leaf spot.
• Crop rotation with non-host crops preferably cereals.
• Deep burying of crop residues in the soil, removal of volunteer groundnut plants to reduce the primary source of infection.

Botanicals :

• Foliar application of aqueous neem leaf extract (2-5%) or 5% neem seed kernel extract at 2 weeks interval 3 times starting from 4 weeks after planting.

Chemical method :

• Spray carbendazim 0.1% or mancozeb 0.2% or chlorothalonil 0.2%.

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• Plants are stunted and present bushy appearance.

• Reduction in size of the leaflets and mottling.

• Rogue out infected plants as soon as they appear in the field.

• To check the spread of disease, aphids should be killed by spraying Oxydemeton methyl (Metasystox) 25 EC @ 1 litre dissolved in 1000 litres of water per hectare.

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• Reddish-brown water-soaked lesion appears on stem just above the soil level.

• The lesion spreads upwards on the stem and down into the roots and causes death of the plants.

• The dead tissue is covered with abundant sclerotia.

• Deep ploughing should be followed to bury the crop residues.

• Seed treatment with Thiram @ 5 g per kg of seed.

• Soil application of Brassicol before sowing at the rate of 10-15 kg per hectare.

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• The affected plant parts show the development of the white thread-like fungal growth near the soil surface or just below the ground level.

• The affected plant parts later turn brown and small round bodies of about the size of a mustard seed are produced on the surface of affected tissue.

• The leaves turn yellow and then brown and later desiccate.

• Collect and burn the affected plant debris.

• Seed treatment with 3% Brassicol.

• Soil application of Brassicol before sowing at the rate of 10-15 kg per hectare.

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• Both adults and larvae are damaging stage.

• The larvae feeds roots and damage pods.

• Grubs feed on fine rootlets, resulting in pale, wilted plants dying in patches.

Cultural method:

• Deep summer ploughing.
• Always use well decomposed organic manure it attracts the adult beetles.
• Partial or complete lopping of host plants and retaining of a few most preferred host trees in the area for congregation of white grub adults.
• Follow crop rotation with sorghum/pearl millet or maize.
• Adopt Early sowing to avoid damage due to insect pest.
• Standing crops of fodder, sugarcane etc. are also protected.

Mechanical method
•Collection and destruction of white grub adults from host trees around the field.

Biological method
• Conserve braconids, dragon flies, trichogrammatids, NPV, green muscardine fungus.

Chemical method
• Apply insecticides if the insect population crosses the economic threshold level (ETL).
• Spray should be undertaken as a community approach and should be repeated after every rainfall till the middle of July.
• Spraying the trees close to the field with Chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 2 ml/lit of water soon after first monsoon showers for 3-4 days in the late evening hours kills the adult beetles and reduces root grub infestation.
• Seed treatment with chlorpyriphos 20 EC ( 6.5 to 12.5 ml/kg seed) is found effective.
• In case of severe infestation apply 10% phorate @ 10 kg/ha.

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• Young pods showing bore holes plugged with excreta.

• Sand particles or discoloured pulps.

• Pods without kernal.

• Apply any one of the following to the soil prior to sowing in endemic areas: malathion 5 D 25 kg/ha, endosulfan 4 D 25 kg/ha

• Repeat soil application of any one of the above dust formulations on the 40th day of sowing and incorporate in the soil during the earthing up.

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• Freshly harvested pods having shriveled kernels

• Apply any one of the following to the soil prior to sowing in endemic areas malathion 5 D 25 kg/ha, endosulfan 4 D 25 kg/ha

• Repeat soil application of any one of the above dust formulations on the 40th day of sowing and incorporate in the soil during the earthing up

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• Wilting of plants in patches

• Termites penetrate and hollow out the tap root and stem thus kill the plant.

• Bore holes into pods and damage the seed.

• It removes the soft corky tissue from between the veins of pods causing scarification, weaken the shells, make them liable to entry and growth of Aspergillus flavus that produces aflotoxins.

Cultural method:

• Digging the termitaria (termite mound) and kill the queen is most important in termite management.
• Use well rotten organic manure.
• Harvest the groundnuts as soon as they are matured, early removal of the produce from the field will reduce the chances of termite damage to pods.
• Maintain clean cultivation or field sanitation.
• Irrigate the crop frequently.

Mechanical method
•Thorough ploughing and carry out frequent intercultural operation.
• Avoid physical loss of the crop during harvesting.
• Destruction of debris, termite nests and queen.

Chemical method
• Apply safe chemical insecticides at recommended doses only if the insect population crosses the ETL.
• Apply chlorpyriphos 20 EC or Lindane 1.3% to control termites or apply dust of chlorpyriphos @ 30-40 kg/ha in soil before sowing.
• Seed dressing with insecticides such as 6.5ml of chloropyriphos /kg of seed reduces termite damage.

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• The grub burrows into the stem, close to the soil surface and kills the plant.

• Infested fields show dead and dying plants, which when pulled up and examined grub/pupa can be seen in hollowed stem.

Cultural method:

• Grow tolerant varieties.
• Adopt deep summer ploughing.
• Use well decomposed organic manure.

Mechanical method
• Collection and destruction of infested plants.

Biological method
• Conserve braconids, dragon flies, trichogrammatids, NPV, green muscardine fungus

Chemical method
• Apply insecticides if the insect population crosses the economic threshold level (ETL).
• Apply carbofuran granules in the planting row as prophyylactic measure.
• Apply Carbofuran 2.25 kg active ingredient per hectare.

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• Orange coloured pustules (uredinia) appears on the lower surface of leaves and rupture to expose masses of reddish brown urediniospores.

• Pustules appear first on the lower surface and in highly susceptible cultivars the original pustules may be surrounded by colonies of secondary pustules.

• Pustules may also appear on the upper surface of the leaflet.

• The pustules are usually circular and range from 0.5 to 1.4 mm in diameter.

• They may be formed on all aerial plant parts apart from flower and pegs.

• Severely infected leaves turn necrotic and desiccate but are attached to the plant.

Cultural method :

• Follow crop rotation and field sanitation.
• Enforcement of strict plant quarantine regulations to avoid the spread of rust on pods or seeds to disease free areas.
• Early sowing in the first fortnight of June avoids this disease incidence.
• Intercropping pearl millet or sorghum with groundnut (1 :3) to reduce the intensity of rust.
• Cultivate resistant/tolerant varieties.
• Destroy volunteer (self sown) groundnut plants and crop debris to reduce / limit primary source of inoculum.

Botanicals:
• Foliar application of aqueous neem leaf extract @ 2-5%.

Chemical method :

• Spray chlorothaalonil 0.2%; or mancozeb 0.25% or Hexaconazole/propaconazole to reduce disease incidence.

Image

• Infection starts around 55-57 days after sowing in Kharif and 42-46 days after sowing in Rabi.

• Black & nearly circular spots appear on the lower surface of the leaflets.

• Lesions are rough in appearance.

• In severe infestation lesions coalesce resulting into premature senescence and shedding of the leaflets.

Cultural method :

• Use of resistant/tolerant varieties wherever late leaf spot is severe.
• Intercropping pearl millet or sorghum with groundnut (1 : 3) to reduce intensity of late leaf spot.
• Crop rotation with non-host crops preferably cereals.
• Deep burying of crop residues in the soil, removal of volunteer groundnut plants to reduce the primary source of infection.

Botanicals :

• Foliar application of aqueous neem leaf extract (2-5%) or 5% neem seed kernel extract at 2 weeks interval 3 times starting from 4 weeks after planting.

Chemical method :

• Spray carbendazim 0.1% or mancozeb 0.2% or chlorothalonil 0.2%.

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• The larva burrows through the pod wall and starts eating the seed.

• The damage can be diagnosed by the appearance of "windows" on the pod wall made by the grub before pupation, to facilitate adult emergence.

Cultural Control:

• Dry the pods to optimum kernel moisture level of about 7 %.
• Store the pods in polythene-lined gunny bags and fill the top surface of the bag with a layer of 3 cm ht. sand.
• Mouth of bags should not be stitched or closed to avoid germination loss.
• Care should be taken to avoid breakage.
• Avoid storing of broken seeds for long periods.
• Dust an inert substance such as ABCD (attapulgite-based clay dust)

Chemical Control:
• Apply insecticides if the insect population crosses the economic threshold level (ETL).
• Pods mixed with ABC (Attapulgite based clay) dust (5 g/kg pods) remain free from bruchid infestation for one year.
• Pods for seed purpose can be treated with thiram (3 g/kg pods) and kept free from infestation for one year.
• Celphos fumigation (3 g tablet per sack of groundnut (40 kg)).